We use the symbols of the Cyrillic Khakas alphabet for transcription of our texts because the parser was made with the goal of analyzing Literary Khakas. Regular phonetic dialect features are mainly ignored, but we tried to show the morphology and morphonology features.

Morphonology

В строке разбиения на морфемы основы представлены в фонологической записи (транскрипции), а аффиксы – в морфонологической. Каждый аффикс представлен в единой форме, объединяющей его алломорфы с регулярными чередованиями. Например, словоформа туралар ‘дома’ в строке разбиения на морфемы имеет вид тура‑ЛАр. Показатель множественного числа имеет алломорфы ‑лар, ‑лер, ‑нар, ‑нер, ‑тар, ‑тер, а в строке глоссирования этому соответствует одна морфема ‑ЛАр. Морфонемы без чередований записываются теми же символами, что и фонемы.

See more on the subject in the paper: Anna V. Dybo, Philip S. Krylov, Vera S. Maltseva, Aleksandra V. Sheimovich. Segmental rules in the automatic parser for the Khakass corpus. In: Ural-Altaoc studies. N 1 (32), 2019. P. 48-69 (in Russian) https://iling-ran.ru/library/ural-altaic/ua2019_32.pdf

Morphonemes

Consonant morphonemes	Vocal morphonemes
П: б/п/м	А: е/а
К: ғ/г/х/к	Ы: i/ы
Г: ғ/г/х/к/Ø	О: о/ö
Т: т/д
Д: т/д/н
С: с/з
Л: л/н/т
L: л/н
Н: н/т
Ч: ч/ҷ

This corpus belongs to a group of corpora that are built using the search platform tsakorpus. A more general instruction with common technical properties of these corpora can be found in the “Help” section (look for the button marked with a question mark in the top right corner of the search page). The current text describes the rules and conventions that are specific for this Corpus.

Searching for specific word forms («Word»)

In this field, you can enter specific word forms that you want to find.

For example, ибде ‘at home’, килген ‘he came’.

Searching for specific lemmas («Lemma»)

This field should be used if you need to find all forms of a given word (lexeme or lemma).

For example, if you enter “иб” ‘home’, the search results will show all sentences where any form of this noun is used, e.g., иб ‘home’, ибні [home-ACC] ‘home (direct object)’, ибінде [home-3pos-Loc] ‘at his home’, etc.

Lemmas should be entered in this field in their base form, that is, in the same form which is used in dictionaries. For nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and numerals, base form is the same as stem (e.g., иб ‘house’, кічіг ‘small’, ам ‘now’, син ‘you’, ікі ‘two’). For verbs, in accordance with the lexicographic practice, the infinitive form with the suffixes Ar GA is used, e.g., тоғынарға ‘to work’, килерге ‘to come’ etc.

For the case forms, including locatives, of pronouns ол ‘this’ and пу ‘that’, lemmmas ол and пу are used, although in the dictionnaries their case forms are written as separate lexemes. The only exceptions are substantivized forms with 3rd person possessive marker ан(ы)зы, мын(ы)зы, пунызы which we consider to be separate lexemes. All the forms of the personal pronouns (with the same person and number) also relate to one lemma: мин ‘I’, син ‘you’, олар ‘they’, etc.

Grammar

This field can be used for building search queries based on part of speech tags and grammatical categories. In order to use this search field, you should press the button immediately to the right of the “Grammar” search field itself; when you press this button, you will see a pop-up window where you can choose from the available grammatical tags. If you want to select a marker, you should click the left mouse button on it, and it will lighten. To cancel the selection of a marker you should click again, and the lightening will turn off.

The parts of speach markerks used in our corpus are explained in the following table.

Parts of speech

a verb (including participle and converb), takes all the inflective markers.

a nominal (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, postposition), doesn’t take negation, time, aspect and mood markers.

Some nominals don’t take case markers but take personal markers (ex. осхас ‘resembling’). We want to unite such lexemes in one separate part of speech after a corpus research.

i1 – an invariable which can combine with endoclitics (including particle -ох/-ӧх/-ӧк, which absorbs the last vowel of the stem). For example, піди ‘так’. This category unites most adverbs, including the grammaticalized forms of converbs.

i – an invariable which can’t combine with endoclitics (particle, conjunction, interjection)

Markers

Both in “Gloss” field and in “Grammar” field you can only search for the forms with non-zero markers. The only exclusion is the imperative singular form which is a bare form of the verb. One can find it by selecting options “imp” and “2sg” in the “Grammar” field.

Marker with a number 1 or 2 (excluding “dur1”) are situated nearer to the stem then the same markers without numbers, and are used mainly as word formative markers. (Markers with number 1 are nearer to the stem then markers with number 2.)

Number

Pl	ЛАр	non-predicative plural	иблер ‘homes’, парғаннарына ‘for those who went’
PredPl	ЛАр	predicative plural	парғаннар ‘they went’

Inner cases

Gen1	НЫң, ДЫң	genitive	пістіңнер ‘ours’
Loc1	ТА	locative	аалдағылар ‘those who are (living) in village’

“All1” and “Abl1” are very rare, you can only find them in some grammaticalized forms combined with other cases.

The combination of “Gen1” and “3pos” synchronically is a cumulative marker ни (dialectal variant Ди), therefore we divide them not by hyphen but a dot. Example: сілерни / сілерди ‘yours’.

Cases

All cases have allomorphs which are used with the possessive singular markers.

Most cases have dialectal variants. The ablative and the instrumental cases use one morpheme in some dialects.

Acc	НЫ, ДЫ, н	accusative	суғны / суғды ‘(drink) water’, суғын ‘(drink) his water’
Gen	НЫң, ДЫң, нЫң	genitive	азахтың ‘of leg’, азағының ‘of his leg’
Dat	ГА, (н)А	dative	ирге ‘to a man’, иріме ‘to my husband’
Loc	ТА, (н)ТА	locative	ибде ‘in the house’, ибінде ‘in his house’
All	САр, СА, САрЫ, нСАр, (н)СА, (н)САрЫ	allative	ибзер/ ибзері / ибзе ‘towards a house’, ибінзер /ибінзері / ибінзе ‘towards his house’
Abl	ДАң, нАң	ablative	аалнаң / аалдаң ‘from a village’, аалынаң ‘from his village’
Instr	ДАң, НАң, нАң, БАң, (н)БАң, мАң, (н)мАң	instrumental	малтынаң / малтыдаң / малтыбаң ‘by an axe’, абамнаң / абаммаң ‘with my dad’
Prol	ЧА, (н)ЧА	prolative (equative)	чолӌа ‘on a road’, соонӌа ‘following him’
Delib	нАңАр, ДАңАр(Ы)	deliberative	аннаңар ‘because’, кибірлердеңері ‘about the traditions’

Possessive markers

1pos.sg	(Ы)м	1st person singular possession (‘I’)	хызым ‘my daughter’
1pos.pl	(Ы)ПЫс	1st person plural possession (‘us’)	хызыбыс ‘our daughter’
2pos.sg	(Ы)ң	2nd person singular possession (‘you’)	2nd person singular possession (‘you’)
2pos.pl	(Ы)ңар	2nd person plural possession (‘you’)	іӌеңер ‘your mother’
3pos	(з)Ы	3rd person possession (‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘they’)	аал пазы ‘village’s beginning’
3pos1	(з)Ы	3rd person possession (inner position)	аал пазындағылар ‘those who are (living) in the beginning of the village’

Aspect

Perf	(Ы)бЫс	perfective	парыбысхан ‘he’s gone’
Perf0	(Ы)с	perfective near the particle	чоохтаныпласчам ‘I speak almost every time’
Prosp.dial	АК, иК	prospective	парахча ‘is going to go’
Dur	чАт	durative	полчатсын ‘let it be’
Dur1	А(р), и(р), ит	durative / present for the verbs парарға ‘go’, килерге ‘come’	кили ‘comes now’
Iter	АдЫр, идЫр	iterative / present	тідирлер ‘they say’

Time/Mood

RPast	ТЫ	recent past	килді ‘came (not long ago)’
Pres	чА	present	узупча ‘he sleeps’
Indir	ТЫр	evidential (indirective)	партыр ‘he went (they say)’
Evid	осхас	evidential (analytical form)	тіпчен осхас ‘he says (the speaker didn’t hear it himself)’
Affirm	ЧЫК	affirmative, subjuntive and other meanings	парарӌых ‘would come (if smth happened)’
Imp		imperative; takes the special set of personal markers	ат ‘shoot’, парим ‘should I go’
Cond	СА	conditional	чатса ‘if it lies’
Opt	ГАй	optative	халғай ‘let it be left’
Simul	(А)АчЫК	simulative, converts the verb to a nominal	талаачых ‘simulating fainting’

Participles

We do not distinguish participle and finite forms with the same morphemes.

Past	ГАн	прошедшее время	одырған ‘сидел’
PresPt	чАн	present participle	хомай чуртапчан кізілер ‘badly living people’
PresPt1	ин	present participle with the verbs пар ‘go’ and кил ‘come’	сӱр парин остар ‘drive (as now)’
Fut	А(р), и(р)	future	килер ‘will come’
Neg.Fut	ПАс	negative future	килбес ‘will not come’
Hab	ЧА(ң)	habitual (past as finite form and present as non-finite form)	тоғынӌаң ‘worked (usually)’
Assum	ГАдАГ	assumptive («it seems that…»)	хайтпаадағ ‘won’t happen (normally)’
Cunc	ГАлАК	cunctative («not yet…»)	пысхалах ‘is not yet ripe’

Converbs

ConvP	(Ы)п	consequative converb	алып алып, парыбысхан ‘having bought, went away’
ConvA	А, и	simultanious converb	чара парарға ‘to go separating’
Neg.Conv	Пи(н), ПААн	negative form of converb	хурғатпин тартырарға ‘to grind without drying’

Person markers

1sg	(Ы)м, СЫм, ПЫн, им	1st singular person marker	парам ‘I will go’
1pl	ПЫс, иБЫс	1st plural person marker	парарбыс ‘we’ll go’
2sg	(Ы)ң, СЫң	2nd singular person marker	парғаң ‘you went’
2pl	ңар, САр, (Ы)ңАр	2nd plural person marker	парғазар ‘you (pl) went’
3	Ø, СЫн	3rd person marker (marked form only with imperative; it’s not possible to distinguish zero marker and the absence of marker in the word automatically)	ползын ‘let it be’
1.incl	Аң	inclusive imperative singular («I and you (sg)»)	параң ‘let’s (two of us) go!’
1pl.incl	АңАр, АлАр	inclusive imperative plural («I and you (pl)»)	параңар / паралар ‘let’s (all) go!’

Negation

Neg

ПА

negation

парба ‘don’t go’

Other

Distr	(К)лА	distributive	тастағлаабыс ‘we throught (many things)’
NF	Ø / (Ы)п	word-formative marker from ConvP, which is used in some syntheical and analytical forms	пар-Ø-ча ‘goes’, сана-п-ча ‘counts’
Compl	тіп	complementizer (separate word)	парғам чаблах одалирға тіп ‘I went to dig potatoes’

Word formation

All the word formative markers are not divided from the stem by hyphen, so they can be found only with the search in “Grammar” field.

Nominal word formation

Attr	КЫ	attributivizer (of locative and temporal forms)	аалдағы ‘situated in village’, пурунғы ‘prior’
Adv	Ли	adjectivizer	полосали ‘by strikes’
Comit	ЛЫГ	comitative («with…, «having…»)	тадылығ ‘tasty’, аттығ ‘on a horse, with a horse’
Dimin	(Ы)ӌАК	diminutive	хызыӌах ‘(small) girl’

Numeral word formation

Coll	ОлАң, АлАң	collective numeral	ікӧлең / ікелең ‘twosome, two together’
Distr	Ар	distributive numeral	пизер ‘by five’

Verb word fomation (voices)

Caus	т, тЫр	causative (also used as parrive)	итірбе ‘don’t do (with the help of other)’
Pass	(Ы)л	passive	салылған ‘(been) put’
Refl	(Ы)н	reflexive	чоохтанча ‘says’
Rec	(Ы)с	reciproc	ылғазып ‘crying together’

Particles

Many of endoclitical particles are written as separate words in the Khakas orthography, though many of them have regular phonetical alternations, and some of them are used as enclitics.

Q	па, пе, ма, ме, ба, бе	general question particle	парған ма? ‘(he) came?’
qpart	чи	question particle	а тігілер чи? ‘and they?’
Foc	ТЫр	focus particles	адың кемдір? ‘what’s your name?’
Magn	reduplication of the 1st syllable + п	high degree, superlative	тап-тадылығ ‘very tasty’
Emph	за, зе, нооза, нізе, and other	emphatic particle	ылғапча нізе ‘cryes indeed’
Confpart	ізе	confirmative particle	“ізе” тіпче ‘says «yes»’
Indef	ТА, тА	indefinite pronoun particle	хайдағ-да / хайдағ-та ‘some’
Ass	ОК	associative	парохтар ‘they are (there) too’
Cont	LA	continuative	хырарлача ‘reddens all the time’
Add	ТАА	additive particle	мин дее ‘even me’
Prec	ТАК	precative particle (polite request in some dialects)	пирдек ‘give, please’

Gloss

The field “Gloss” allows to submit search queries that concern the morphemic structure of the word forms. In general, this type of search is functionally similar to the search in the field “Grammar”. In particular, the list of markers that can be viewed by clicking the button next to the field “Gloss” largely overlaps with those given in the field “Grammar”.

The general principle of search by a gloss and the major differences of this type of search from the grammatical search are described in the “Help” section (the button with a question mark in the top right corner of the search window). The key features of the gloss-based search that are specific for this corpus are given below.

All the dialectal markers have the .dial label, both the morpheme variants (Acc.dial) and the markers which are not used in literary Khakas (Prosp.dial).

Gloss-based search does not include the word forms where there is no morphemic border between the marker in question and the stem. For instance, the dative case form of the pronoun син ‘you’ is сегее / сағаа / сее, which is not segmentable into morphemes and glossed “you.DAT”. This form will be among the hits of the grammatical query “dat”, but will not be included in the occurrences corresponding to the gloss-based search “STEM-DAT”.

The gloss-based query can be constructed using either specific glosses or the options CASE, CASE1, POSS, PRTCP, CONV, PERSON. These labels specify a group of morphemes rather than a specific gloss. CASE stands for any case marker, CASE1 stands for any case marker in inner position, POSS stands for any possessive marker, PRTCP stands for any participle marker, CONV stands for any converb marker, and PERSON stands for any person marker.

The corpus contains:

- 23 texts of Askiz dialect, collected in the Kazanovka village in 2001-2002 during the expedition of the Linguistic Department of the Russian State University for Humanities, headed by Nina Sumbatova. It contains about 13 000 tokens, the duration is 2h 18 min.

- 27 texts of Belty dialect, collected in 2011 in villages Butrachty, Chylany, Karagay by Anna Dybo and Elvira Kyrzhinakova. It contains about 45 000 tokens, the duration is 9 h 22 min.

Texts on other dialects (Kacha, Kyzyl, Shor) will be added.

The processing of the texts for inclusion in the corpus was conducted in 2017. This work was carried out by Vera Maltseva.

The Spoken corpus of the dialects of Khakas is a project supported by the Linguistic Convergence Laboratory of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. It is conducted within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University 'Higher School of Economics' (HSE) and supported as part of the Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'.

This project is a part of a large project on the documentation of the Khakas language http://khakas.altaica.ru. The following people are involved:

Anna Dybo – project supervisor, automatic parser creation
Elvira Sultrekova (Kyrzhinakova) – transcription and translation of most texts (text collected in Kazanovka village in 2001-2002 were mostly transcribed and translated by the members of expedition with the help of the people of the village).
Alexandra Sheymovich – dictionary (conversion of The Khakas-Russian dictionary
Phil Krylov – programming of the automatic parser
Vera Maltseva – automatic parser creation, text processing in Elan (correction of the parser’s results, annotation of sound)
Elena Tenkova – macros for writing of results of automatic parsing of texts in Elan files