See data and maps.
Moroz, G. (2021). “Pharyngealization”. In: Typological Atlas of the Languages of Daghestan (TALD). Ed. by M. Daniel, K. Filatov, T. Maisak, G. Moroz, T. Mukhin, C. Naccarato and S. Verhees. Moscow: Linguistic Convergence Laboratory, NRU HSE. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6807070. http://lingconlab.ru/dagatlas.
@incollection{moroz2021,
title = {Pharyngealization},
author = {George Moroz},
year = {2021},
editor = {Michael Daniel and Konstantin Filatov and Timur Maisak and George Moroz and Timofey Mukhin and Chiara Naccarato and Samira Verhees},
publisher = {Linguistic Convergence Laboratory, NRU HSE},
address = {Moscow},
booktitle = {Typological Atlas of the Languages of Daghestan (TALD)},
url = {http://lingconlab.ru/dagatlas},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6807070},
}
General chapter: Phonology
Pharyngealization is a complex feature that is realized as a constriction in the pharynx or epiglottis zone. Different scholars use different strategies for describing the locus of the pharyngealization: sometimes it is analyzed as a feature of the vowel (Forker, 2013), or as a consonant feature (Khalilova, 2009), or it is treated as a suprasegmental feature (Kibrik, 1994; Moroz, 2019). Pharyngealization commonly spreads through the word, although most researchers distinguish a core pharyngealized syllable (Beljaev, 2021; Kibrik, 1994; Moroz, 2019; Talibov, 2007). Some East Caucasian languages are known to have developed two different types of pharyngealization (e.g. Beljaev, 2021), further complicating the picture. As we can see from the map, pharyngealization is common in central and southern Dagestan among languages of the Dargwa, Lak, Tsezic and Lezgic branches.